The Open University

Professional biography

Leslie Budd is Professor of Regional Economy in the Department of Public Leadership and Social Enterprise (PuLSE) at the Open University Business School. He is an economist who is internationally known for his work on regional and urban economics in the context of global issues, the digital economy, the socioeconomic impacts of BREXIT and evaluatig the socioeconomic benefits of space exploration. He is currently Director of the Space Exploration and Analysis Research (SPEAR) cluster in the Faculty of Business and Law and Visiting Professor at the Centre for Brexit Studies, Birmingham City University.

Leslie has undertaken economic and financial analysis for a number of regional, national and international organisations. These include the Corporation of London, the Small Business Service, the Capital Market Authority in Riyadh; and the Iraq Ministry of Planning. Between 2014 and 2016 he was Special Economic Advisor to the Committee for Enterprise, Trade and Investment Committee of the Northern Ireland Assembly, producing research and policy briefings, for example the consequences of devolved taxation and the impact of BREXIT on the Northern Ireland economy.

He is author of a number of books on subjects including global finance; the digital economy; electronic governance; urban studies, devoltion of the UK economy and the political economy of BREXIT. His latest book is a jointly edited collection on the impact of BREXIT on Ireland. He has also published papers on financial crises, regional competitiveness, cohesion policy in the EU, city leadership, and impact of Brexit, including challenges for the Northern Ireland Agrifood sector.

He was member of the research team that evaluated the European Commission-funded Electronic Government for You (EGOV4U) project at the University. Other research projects include the economic growth and employment projections for the Outline Spatial Straegy for Iraq on behalf of the Danish Foreign Ministry; the ESRC-funded eGov4All: Creating a Digital Social Economy; and, the Higher Education Innovation Fund suppported The Economic Impact of Sport on the Milton Keynes City-Region. Leslie was Technical Lead for Benefits of the ESA Exploration Roadmap in Socioeconomics (BEERS) project funded by the European Space Agency. A related current project with space science colleagues evaluates the socioeconomic benefits of Spaceport Scotland, jointly supported by Research England and the Higher Educaiton Innovation Fund.

Leslie is a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences, a Chartered Member of the Institute of Transport and Logistics, former Chair and current Fellow of the Regional Studies Association. At present he is Chair of the Urban and Regional Economics Seminar Group (URESG).

Research interests

Leslie's research interests lie in the fields of regional economic development particularly global and European Union economic governance with regard to international financial markets; eEconomy; eGovernance; and, eEntrepreneurship in relation to changing functional and territorial scales; public governance, policy and management; and, the evaluation of the socioeconomic benefits of space exploration,

Teaching interests

Leslie's current teaching includes being Chair and team member of a number of modules in production and presentation Entrepreneurship: exeperince and perspective (BB846) and contributing author and team member for Leadership and management of public services (BB852) both optional modules for MBA Programme. He is also a team member of Managing 1; Organisations and people (B628), a core module of the BA Business and Management undergraduate programme. He is currently joint supervising a number of PhD students on an Anglo-Italian comparison of city leadership, inpu-output analysis of Global Value Chains (GVCs) and a capitals approach to evaluation the socioeconomic benefits of space exploration.

Impact and engagement

Leslie has engaged with policy makers and practitioners throughout his academic career. Part of the work of the BEERS project team was included in the European Space Agency Ministerial Council strategy Space 19+ in October 2019 that set out the fudning for the agency for the next five years. Leslie continues to build upon his knowledge exchange activities in Northern Ireland, being a member of the Knowledge Exchange Seminar Series (KESS) at the Northern Ireland Assembly. Currently he and SPEAR colleagues are working with South Ayrshire Council, Scotland Policy Exchange and Shetland Space Centre in evaluating the socioeconomic impact of spaceports in Scotland,

External collaborations

The SPEAR network includes external collaboration with colleagues from a number of univesities, public and policy agencies and institutions in the UK and abroad related to industrial strategy for space, Space 4.0. This is also related to the international place-based leadership network, co-ordinated through the Regonal Studies Association, of which Leslie is a leading member producing webinars, books and papers aimed at academic, policy and practice audiences

International links

As a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences and the Regional Studies Association, Chair of the Urban and Regional Seminar Group and Director of SPEAR Leslie is at the centre of a number of international networks and connections. His work for the Outilne Spatial Stratefy for Iraq still forms the basis of policy for regional economic development. He has been been a keynote speaker at many international conferences, most recently at the 12th Slovenian Social Science Conference Observing Social Transformations: European Democracy and Development in December 2020

Publications

Journal articles

Place-based industrial strategies in the context of the Northern Ireland Protocol (2024)
Brownlow, Graham and Budd, Leslie
Regional Studies, 58(2) (pp. 409-421)

[Book Review] An economist’s review of A research agenda for governance, edited by B. Guy Peters, Jon Pierre, Eva Sørensen and Jacob Torfing (2023-06-28)
Budd, Leslie
Regional Studies, 57(7) (pp. 1404-1405)

Space exploration as a propulsive industry in levelling up (2023)
Budd, Leslie and Paladini, Stefania
Contemporary Social Science: Journal of the Academy of Social Sciences, 18(3-4) (pp. 357-380)

What can city leaders do for climate change? Insights from the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group network (2022)
Sancino, Alessandro; Stafford, Max; Braga, Alessandro and Budd, Leslie
Regional Studies, 56(7) (pp. 1224-1233)

Essential, complex and multi-form: the local leadership of civil society from an Anglo-Italian perspective (2021-03)
Pagani, Michela; Sancino, Alessandro and Budd, Leslie
Voluntary Sector Review, 12(1) (pp. 41-58)

Sense making of Brexit for economic citizenship in Northern Ireland (2019)
Brownlow, Graham and Budd, Leslie
Contemporary Social Science: Journal of the Academy of Social Sciences, 14(2) (pp. 294-311)

Brexit and beyond: a Pandora’s Box? (2019)
Bailey, David and Budd, Leslie
Contemporary Social Science, 14(2) (pp. 157-173)

Sport as a complex adaptive system for place-based leadership: Comparing five European cities with different administrative and socio-cultural traditions (2017)
Budd, Leslie; Sancino, Alessandro; Pagani, Michela; Kristmundsson, Ómar and Roncevic, Borut
Local Economy, 32(4) (pp. 316-335)

A Framework for city leadership in multilevel governance settings: the comparative contexts of Italy and the UK (2016-02-05)
Budd, Leslie and Sancino, Alessandro
Regional Studies, Regional Science, 3(1) (pp. 129-145)

Commercial orientation and grassroots social innovation: insight from the sharing economy. (2015-10-31)
Martin, Chris; Upham, Paul and Budd, Leslie
Ecological Economics, 118 (pp. 240-251)

Into the void: a realist evaluation of the eGovernment for You (EGOV4U) project (2015-01)
Horrocks, Ivan and Budd, Leslie
Evaluation, 21(1) (pp. 47-64)

EUROPE 2020: a strategy in search of a regional policy rationale? (2013)
Budd, Leslie
Policy Studies, 34(3) (pp. 274-290)

Re-regulating the financial system: the return of the state or societal corporatism? (2012-02)
Budd, Leslie
Contemporary Social Science: Journal of the Academy of Social Sciences, 7(1) (pp. 1-19)

Neglected aspects of the East Asian financial crisis (2008-02)
Budd, Leslie and Parr, John
Twenty-First Century Society: Journal of the Academy of Social Sciences, 3(1) (pp. 31-48)

A cohesion pact for the regions: a role for industrial policy (2007-12-01)
Budd, Leslie
Policy Studies, 28(4) (pp. 347-363)

Post-bureaucracy and reanimating public governance: A discourse and practice of continuity? (2007-10-01)
Budd, Leslie
International Journal of Public Sector Management, 20(6) (pp. 531-547)

Emotional labour and the regional question (2005-07-01)
Budd, Leslie
International Journal of Work, Organisation and Emotion, 1(2) (pp. 105-119)

Conceptual framework for regional competitiveness (2004-12-01)
Budd, Leslie and Hirmis, Amer K.
Regional Studies, 38(9) (pp. 1015-1028)

Relationships between the financial and property markets in the Asia-Pacific area (2001-04)
McGreal, S.; Berry, J.; Budd, Leslie and Scales, P.
Pacific Rim Property Research Journal, 7(2) (pp. 113-125)

Not the leading edge (Book review) (2001-04)
Budd, Leslie and Harris, Martin
City, 5(1) (pp. 113-118)

Offdigital: why money has always been virtual (2000-04)
Budd, Leslie
City, 4(1) (pp. 155-161)

Financial services and the urban system: an exploration (2000-03)
Parr, John B. and Budd, Leslie
Urban Studies, 37(3) (pp. 593-610)

Territorial competition and globalisation: Scylla and Charbydis of European cities (1998)
Budd, Leslie
Urban Studies, 35(4) (pp. 663-685)

The rentier city in the millennium? (1997-12)
Budd, Leslie
City, 2(8) (pp. 166-171)

Confirming conforming conventions: the four world cities study (1997-05)
Edwards, Michael and Budd, Leslie
City, 2(7) (pp. 171-181)

Regional government and performance in France (1997-04)
Budd, Leslie
Regional Studies, 31(2) (pp. 187-192)

Regional integration and convergence and the problems of fiscal and monetary systems: some speculative lessons for Eastern Europe (1997)
Budd, Leslie
Regional Studies, 31(6) (pp. 559-570)

Globalisation, territory and strategic alliances in different financial centres (1995)
Budd, Leslie
Urban Studies, 32(2) (pp. 345-360)

European regional distributional coalitions in a global-local environment (1994)
Budd, Leslie
Current Politics and Economics of Europe, 4(2)

Authored books

Key Concepts in Urban Studies (2nd edition) (2016)
Gottdiener, Mark; Budd, Leslie and Lehtovuori, Panu
Key Concepts
ISBN : 978-1-84920-199-5 | Publisher : Sage Publications | Published : London

Key concepts in urban studies (2005-02-16)
Gottdiener, Mark and Budd, Leslie
Key Concepts Series
ISBN : 761940979 | Publisher : Sage Publications Ltd | Published : London, UK

e-Economy: rhetoric or business reality? (2004-09-30)
Budd, Leslie and Harris, Lisa
Routledge eBusiness
ISBN : 415339545 | Publisher : Routledge | Published : UK

Book chapters

Place leadership, policy making and politics (2021-02-22)
Sancino, Alessandro; Budd, Leslie and Pagani, Michela
In: Sotarautu, Markku and Beer, Andrew eds. Handbook on City and Regional Leadership. Research Books in Urban Studie (pp. 57-70)
ISBN : 9781788979689 | Publisher : Edawrd Elgar | Published : London

Has devolution delivered an economic dividend? (2019)
Budd, Leslie
In: Paun, Akash and Macrory, Sam eds. Has Devlution Worked? The first 20 years (pp. 95-108)
Publisher : Institute for Government | Published : London

Irish cows don't respect borders (2019)
Budd, Leslie
In: Mair, John; McCabe, Steven; Budd, Leslie and Fowler, Neil eds. Brexit and Northern Ireland: Bordering on Confusion? (pp. 159-164)
ISBN : 978-1-69444-780-7 | Publisher : Bite-Sized Books | Published : Newcastle

City Leadership and Social Regeneration: The Potential of Community Leadership and the New Roles for Public Managers and Politicians (2018)
Sancino, Alessandro and Budd, Leslie
In: Sacchetti, Silvia; Christoforou, Asimina and Mosca, Michele eds. Social Regeneration and Local Development: Cooperation, Social Economy and Public Participation (pp. 175-185)
ISBN : 9781138236394 | Publisher : Routledge | Published : New York/Oxon

The Political Economy of Brexit? (2017-03-30)
Budd, Leslie
In: Bailey, David and Budd, Leslie eds. The Political Economy of Brexit (pp. 1-16)
ISBN : 1911116649 | Publisher : Agenda Publishing | Published : Newcastle

Will Brexit stall or break the progress of the Economy of Northern Ireland? (2017-03-30)
Budd, Leslie
In: Bailey, David and Budd, Leslie eds. The Political Economy of Brexit (pp. 111-128)
ISBN : 9781911116639 | Publisher : Agenda Publishing | Published : Newcastle

Economic Challenges and Opportunities of Devolved Corporate Taxation in Northern Ireland (2016)
Budd, Leslie
In: Bailey, David and Budd, Leslie eds. Devolution and the UK Economy (pp. 95-114)
ISBN : 1783486309 | Publisher : Rowan & Littleford | Published : London

The potential role of Regional Development Agencies in achieving the priorities of Europe 2020 in the context of the Financial Crisis (2012-07-19)
Budd, Leslie
In: Bellini, Nicola; Danson, Mike and Halkier, Henrik eds. Regional Development Agencies: The Next Generation?. Regions and Cities (pp. 70-86)
ISBN : 978-0-415-68848-2 | Publisher : Routledge | Published : Abingdon

A cohesion pact for the regions: a role for industrial policy (2009-06-23)
Budd, Leslie
In: Bailey, David and De Propris, Lisa eds. Industrial and Regional Policies in an Enlarging EU
ISBN : 978-0-415-49822-7 | Publisher : Routledge | Published : London

Managing governance or governance management: is it all in a digital day's work? (2008-12-19)
Budd, Leslie and Harris, Lisa
In: Budd, Leslie and Harris, Lisa eds. eGovernance: Managing or Governing (pp. 1-25)
ISBN : 978-0-415-96518-7 | Publisher : Routledge | Published : UK

The limits of post-Lisbon governance in the European Union (2008-12-19)
Budd, Leslie
In: Budd, Leslie and Harris, Lisa eds. eGovernance: Managing or Governing? (pp. 71-97)
ISBN : 978-0-415-96518-7 | Publisher : Routledge | Published : Abingdon

The rise of the English regions: an introduction (2006-10-02)
Hardill, Irene; Benneworth, Paul; Baker, Mark and Budd, Leslie
In: Hardill, Irene; Benneworth, Paul; Baker, Mark and Budd, Leslie eds. The rise of the English regions?. Regions and Cities (pp. 3-21)
ISBN : 978-0-415-33632-1 | Publisher : Routledge | Published : London, UK

London: from city-state to city region? (2006-09-28)
Budd, Leslie
In: Hardill, Irene; Benneworth, Paul; Baker, Mark and Budd, Leslie eds. The Rise of the English Regions?. Regions and Cities
ISBN : 0 415336 32 5 | Publisher : Routledge

The Economy of virtuality and reality: an introduction (2004-09-30)
Budd, Leslie and Harris, L
In: Budd, Leslie and Harris, L. eds. The e-Economy: rhetoric or reality?
ISBN : 415339545 | Publisher : Routledge | Published : London, UK

Where do we go from here? embedding the rhetoric of the e-economy in the reality of business (2004-09-30)
Budd, Leslie
In: Budd, Leslie and Harris, L. eds. The e-Economy: rhetoric or reality?. Routledge eBusiness
ISBN : 415339545 | Publisher : Routledge | Published : London, UK

Death of the 'New'? Re-materialising the economy (2004-09-30)
Budd, Leslie
In: Budd, Leslie and Harris, Lisa eds. e-Economy: rhetoric or business reality?. Routledge eBusiness (pp. 1-27)
ISBN : 9780415339544 | Publisher : Routledge

The Business environment for eCommerce (2003-05-29)
Budd, Leslie Charles and Clear, F.
In: Jackson, P.; Harris, L. and Eckersley, P. eds. eBusiness Fundamentals (pp. 13-42)
ISBN : 415255953 | Publisher : Routledge | Published : London

Peripherality and economic development (2000)
Budd, Leslie
In: Parker, Noel and Armstrong, Bill eds. Margins in European Integration
ISBN : 312229585 | Publisher : Macmillan | Published : Basingstoke, UK

Globalisation and the crisis of territorial embeddedness in international markets (1999-01)
Budd, Leslie
In: Martin, Ron ed. Money and the Space Economy (pp. 49-70)
ISBN : 9780471983460 | Publisher : John Wiley | Published : Chichester

Global cities and finance: a troubled relationship (1998)
Budd, Leslie
In: Gravesteijn, S. G. E.; Van Griensven, S. and De Smidt, M. C. eds. Timing global cities. Netherlands geographical studies (241) (pp. 67-83)
ISBN : 90-6809-262-6 | Publisher : Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap | Published : Utrecht

An urban narrative and the imperatives of the city (1992-01-09)
Budd, Leslie and Whimster, Sam
In: Budd, Leslie and Whimster, Sam eds. Global Finance and Urban Living. International Library of Sociology (pp. 260-281)
ISBN : 9780415031981 | Publisher : Routledge | Published : UK

Introduction (1992-01-09)
Whimster, Sam and Budd, Leslie
In: Budd, Leslie and Whimster, Sam eds. Global Finance and Urban Living,. International library of sociology (pp. 1-28)
ISBN : 9780415070973 | Publisher : Routledge | Published : London, UK

Edited books

Brexit and Northern Ireland: Bordering on Confusion? (2019)
Mair, John; McCabe, Steven; Budd, Leslie and Fowler, Neil eds.
ISBN : 9781694447807 | Publisher : Bite-Sized Books | Published : Newcastle

The Political Economy of Brexit (2017-03-30)
Bailey, David and Budd, Leslie eds.
ISBN : 978-1-911116-63-9 | Publisher : Agenda Publishing | Published : Newcastle

Devolution and the UK Economy (2016-03)
Bailey, David and Budd, Leslie eds.
ISBN : 978-1-7834-8630-4 | Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield | Published : London

e-Governance: Managing or Governing? (2009-01-13)
Budd, Leslie and Harris, Leslie eds.
ISBN : 9780203883884 | Publisher : Routledge

eGovernance: Managing or Governing? (2008-12-19)
Budd, Leslie and Harris, Lisa eds.
ISBN : 9780415965170 | Publisher : Routledge | Published : London, UK

Making policy happen (2006-06-08)
Budd, Leslie; Charlesworth, Julie and Paton, Rob eds.
ISBN : 415397677 | Publisher : Routledge | Published : London, UK

Global finance and urban living: a study of metropolitan change (1992)
Budd, Leslie and Whimster, Sam eds.
ISBN : 978-0-415-03198-1 | Publisher : Routledge | Published : UK

Conference items

Multi-channel governance and electronic democracy (2011-11-25)
Budd, Les and Horrocks, Ivan
In : Regional Studies Association Winter Conference 2011: Contested Regions: Territorial Politics and Policy (25 Nov 2011, London, UK)

This limits of post-Lisbon Governance in the European Union (2008)
Budd, Leslie
In : Regional Studies Association Annal International Conference, Regions: The Dilemmas of Integration and Competition (27-29 May 2008, University of Economics, Prague, Czech Republic)

Unequal voice of BME network in regional economic development (2008)
Budd, Leslie
In : Regional Studies Association Winter Conference: Working Regions (28 Nov 2008, London, UK)

Between the earth and the sky? The discourses of architects and engineers in 1970s' (2007)
Budd, Leslie
In : Tall Buildings in the London Landscape: A historical and Contemporary Sympsosium (Institute of Historical Research) (12 Oct 2007, University of London)

Competitiveness, clusters and commodities: a global or regional brew? (2007)
Budd, Leslie
In : Advanced Institute of Management/Regional Studies Seminar Competitiveness and Global Clusters (18 Jan 2007, University of Birmingham)

Perverse outcomes of new transport infrastructure in cities and regions (2007)
Budd, Leslie
In : Regional Studies Association Winter Conference - Transport, Mobility and Regional Development (23 Nov 2007, London, UK)

The canard of a globalising service economy? Regional aspects of the commodity boom (2007)
Budd, Leslie
In : Regional Studies Association International Conference - Regions in Focus (2-5 Apr 2007, University of Lisbon, Portugal)

A cohesion pact for the regions? (2006)
Budd, Leslie
In : Regional Studies Association International Conference - Shaping EU regional policy: economic, social and political pressures (8-9 Jun 2006, University of Leuven, Belgium)

Between informal organisation and space of emotion? Theorising the region (2006)
Budd, Leslie
In : Whither Regional Studies? Association of American Geographers Conference (7-11 Mar 2006, Chicago)

Neglected aspects of the East Asian financial crisis (2006)
Budd, Leslie
In : Regional Studies Annual Conference, Global City-Regions? (24 Nov 2006, London, UK)

Managing the distribution of growth trajectories: China's uneven regional boom (2005-05)
Budd, Leslie
In : Regional Studies International Congress Regional Futures (28-31 May 2005, Aalborg, Denmark)

A cohesion plan for Europe's regions' (2004)
Budd, Leslie
In : EU Regional Policy, Peripherality and Rurality, Regional Studies Association, EU Regional Policy Conference (15-16 Apr 2004, University of Angers, France)

The feasibility of benchmarking indicators of regional competitiveness (2003-04-12)
Budd, Leslie and Hirmis, Amer
In : Reinventing the Region in the Global Economy Regional Studies Association International Congress, University of Pisa, 12-15 April (12-15 Apr 2003, University of Pisa)

The conceptualising the benchmarking of regional competitiveness (2003)
Budd, Leslie
In : Rethinking the Regions and Regional Competitiveness, Cambridge-MIT Institute International Conference, (16 Jun 2003, University of Cambridge, UK)

The prospect of hypothecating devolved finance (2003)
Budd, Leslie
In : Economic Governance Post-Devolution: Differentiation or Convergence? Regional Studies Association Annual Conference (21 Nov 2003, London)

The regulation of international transfer pricing: a theological approach (2003)
Budd, Leslie and Tyrrall, David
In : European Association of Accounting Conference (EAA) (2-4 Apr 2003, Seville, Spain)

An evaluation or a framework for evaluation? The conundrum of creating a system for appraising the regional impact of EMU (2002)
Budd, Leslie
In : Evaluation and EU policy: new question and new challenges, Regional Studies Association (31 May - 1 Jun 2002, Université d'Aix - Marseilles, Aix-en-Provence, France)

The prospect for entrepreneurial regions through social enterprise (2002)
Budd, Leslie
In : Building Entreprenurial Capacity in the Regions, Regional Studies Association Annual Conference (22 Nov 2002, London, UK)

The regulation of international transfer pricing: a theological critique (2002)
Budd, Leslie
In : British Academy of Management Annual Conference (9-11 Sep 2002, London)

The possible role of financial markets and instruments as mechanisms of regional distribution in central and eastern European countries (2001)
Budd, Leslie
In : Regional Studies Association International Conference: Regional Transitions - European Regions and the Challenges of Development, Integration and Enlargement (15-18 Sep 2001, Gdansk, Poland)

Modelling the impact of training using a characteristics approach: implications for UK learning and training infrastructure (2001)
Budd, Leslie and Woods, Adrian
In : Regionalising the Knowledge Economy, Regional Studies Association Annual Conference (21 Nov 2001, London)

Cohesive Divergence? The regional implications of the economic governance of the Euro-Area (2000)
Budd, Leslie
In : EU Regional Policy: Progress, Problems and Prospects, Regional Studies Association International Conference (14-15 Sep 2000, Aix-en-Provence, France)

A study of financial markets and real estate performance in Pacific Asia economies (2000)
Budd, L.; Barry, J.; McGreal, S. and Scales, P.
In : 7th European Real Estate Society Conference (Jun 2000, Bordeaux, France)

The East Asian crisis from a regional perspective: the contribution of central place theory (2000)
Budd, Leslie
In : European Congress of Regional Studies Association (Sep 2000, University of Bilbao, Bilbao, Spain)

The architecture of finance and space (1998)
Budd, Leslie
In : International Sociological Association, World Congress of Sociology (26 Jul - 1 Aug 1998, Montreal, Canada)

Creating a new geography of financial production to extend the frontiers of regional development in Central and Eastern Europe (1997)
Budd, Leslie
In : European Congress of Regional Studies Association (Sep 1997, University of Frankfurt-an-der-Oder)

The future may be urban but will Asia's cities become global? (1997)
Budd, Leslie
In : International Sociological Association, Urban and Regional Research Committee Conference (Jul 1997, Humboldt University, Berlin)

Extended peripheries and shifting cores in Europe's regional globalism (1996)
Budd, Leslie
In : European Urban and Regional Studies Conference (Apr 1996, University of Exeter, UK)

Other

Sport as a system of city leadership: comparing the case of Milton Keynes (UK) and Brescia (Italy) (2016-06-16)
Budd, Leslie and Sancino, Alessandro
Regions Magazine, Regional Studies Association

eGovernment for You: Impact Evaluation Framework (2012-12)
Budd, Leslie; Grimsley, Mike; Horrocks, Ivan; Meehan, Anthony; Minocha, Shailey and Walker, Steve
The Open University

eGovernment for You: Work Package 7: Impact Evaluation: Training and Support Materials, Schedules and Methods (2012-12)
Budd, Leslie; Grimsley, Mike; Horrocks, Ivan; Meehan, Anthony; Minocha, Shailey and Walker, Steve
The Open University

Regional convergence in the EU: the Commission's view (2001-12-01)
Budd, Leslie
Newsletter of the Regional Studies Association